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lunes, 9 de septiembre de 2013

Indian Literary

Gitanjali
By Rabindranath Tagore


It is a collection of poems by the Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore. The English Gitanjali or Song Offerings is a collection of 103 English poems of Tagore's own English translations of his Bengali poems first published in November 1912 by the India Society of London. The English Gitanjali became very famous in the West, and was widely translated. The word gitanjali is composed from "git", song, and "anjali", offering, and thus means – "An offering of songs"; but the word for offering, anjali, has a strong devotional connotation, so the title may also be interpreted as "prayer offering of song".

Some poems involve themes related to nature, but here, too, the spiritual is subtly present, as in this poem (no. 57):

“Light, my light, the world-filling light, the eye-kissing light, heart-sweetening light! Ah, the light dances, my darling, at the centre of my life; the light strikes, my darling, the chords of my love; the sky opens, the wind runs wild, laughter passes over the earth. The butterflies spread their sails on the sea of light. Lilies and jasmines surge up on the crest of the waves of light. The light is shattered into gold on every cloud, my darling, and it scatters gems in profusion. Mirth spreads from leaf to leaf, my darling, and gladness without measure. The heaven's river has drowned its banks and the flood of joy is abroad.”



The Namesake
By Jhumpa Lahiri


The Namesake (2003) is the first novel by Jhumpa Lahiri. It was originally a novella published in The New Yorker and was later expanded to a full length novel.

The novel describes the struggles and hardships of a Bengali couple who immigrate to the United States to form a life outside of everything they are accustomed to.

 The story begins as Ashoke and Ashima leave Calcutta, India and settle in Central Square, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Through a series of errors, their son's nickname,Gogol, becomes his official birth name, an event that will shape many aspects of his life in years to come.

The Ramayana
By Valmiki


Así el rey de los lógicos exclama,
Para probar el sólido cimiento
De las virtudes místicas de Rama:
-¡No sabes, oh varón, cuanto lamento
Rebajada encontrar la inteligencia
Al nivel del común entendimiento!
¿Que pensador no tiene la evidencia
Que de los libros santos y morales
Fueron hechos por hombres sin conciencia,
Para engañar a los demás mortales
Y hacerles dar sus bienes sin violencia?
He aquí, en resumen, su doctrina toda:
Ofrece sacrificios,
De santa austeridad vive en el ocio,
Consúmete en anillos y en cilicios
Y entrega tu dinero al sacerdocio.
¡Oh rey sencillo, de tu mente loca
Aparta el religioso devaneo;
Sólo lo que se ve, se gusta y toca
Es digno de tu amor y tu deseo.
Dime: ¿De tus abuelos cual ha sido,
Con ser reyes magnánimes, la suerte?
De la tierra, ¡infeliz! los ha barrido
El soplo emponzoñado de la muerte,
Y nadie saber puede a donde han ido.
El ciego fanatismo se imagina
Que está donde él desea.
¡Oh, cómo el ignorante se fascina
Con el sueño mentido de una idea!
A nuestra vista la verdad se esconde
Nada hay seguro que cierto sea,
¿El mundo mismo existe? Dime donde.-

Como elefante enfurecido, Rama
Escucha airado la palabra atea,
Y con voz del aquilón exclama:
-Imposible es que el pecho me taladre
El aguijón punzante de la duda;
La santa fe lo escuda,
La santa fe que le infundió mi padre.
Así como el caballo generoso
Obedece al señor que lo domina,
Y es esclava la esposa de su esposo,
Me rindo a mi Padre a la doctrina.
Y resucito a tu voz, como a la saña
Del huracán furioso
Resiste inquebrantable la montaña.-



II
-¡Vuélveme a Roma, tirano!-
El anciano Rey, oyendo
Que su esposa le acrimina
De Rama por el destierro,
Traspasado por la pena
Y el cruel remordimiento,
Cayó, cerrando los ojos,
Desvanecido en su lecho;
Más, a poco, recobrado,
Así le dice, gimiendo:
-Por el amor de tu hijo,
Esposa mía, te ruego
Que en mis heridas no pongas
De tus quejas el veneno.
Si me quieres, no me acuses.
Tus suspiros y lamentos
Son para mí más terribles
Que el estallido del trueno.
Te juro en mi agonía,
No me abrumes con el peso
De tu dolor, ya que tanto
Me abruma, a su vez el cielo.-

Al oír estas palabras,
Que desbordadas salieron
Entre sollozos profundos
De un corazón ya deshecho,
La Reina cayó a las plantas
De su esposo, y reprimiendo
Su dolor, juntas las manos
Como quien reza en el templo,
Y la undosa cabellera
Esparcida por el suelo,
Le dice:
               -¡Rey de los hombres!
Perdona si el sentimiento
Me hizo pronunciar palabras
Que ser no dichas debieron.
La mujer a quien su esposo
(Que es de los dioses espejo)
Con entrambas manos juntas
Dirige lloroso un ruego,
Si a sus súplicas no accede
Y desoye sus lamentos,
Ni en esta ni en la otra vida
Encuentra paz ni consuelo.
¿Que te dije en mi amargura?
Al hablar el sufrimiento,
La voz de la inteligencia
Guarda profundo silencio.
¡El dolor! No tiene el hombre
Enemigo más tremendo.
Obscurece la memoria,
Anubla el entendimiento,
Acaba con la paciencia
Y hace al piadoso blasfemo.
Puede curarse la herida
Que causa un tizón ardiendo;
Más la que hace la tristeza,
¡Oh caro esposo! en el pecho,
Esa que viene del alma
Y crece y crece en silencio,
Es incurable. Los sabios,
Los sabios mismos que fueron
Pacientes, dulces, piadosos
Y de virtudes modelos,
Al ser del dolor heridos
Entró la furia en su pecho
Y gusanos de la tierra
En el pecado cayeron.
¿Qué mucho que yo deplore
De mi hijo amado el destierro?
Siglos se me hacen los días
Desde que se fue tan lejos,
Y mi dolor se acrecienta
Por horas y por momentos,
Como las aguas del Ganges
Cuando comienza el deshielo.


Mahabharata
By Vyasa


EL MAR (Fragmento*)

Los hermanos Vinata y Kadrú, cuando la noche hubo comenzado a disiparse, hacia la mañana, al salir el sol, apresuradas e impacientes corrieron por la ribera… Allí vieron el mar de aguas profundas; el mar con su gran poblado, poblado de peces y de ballenas, de tiburones, de animales innumerables, espantosos, horribles y d variadas formas, de tortugas y cocodrilos: el mar terrible, cuyo clamor asusta, infranqueable por sus remolinos profundos, que llevan el miedo al corazón de las criaturas; el mar, removiéndose en sus orillas por la acción vigorosa del viento encrespándose por el furor de su agitación, acercándose, retirándose y removiendo sus innumerables ondas; el mar lleno de ondas que se hinchan cuando la luna crece, la mina más rica de pedrerías; el mar que produjo la concha de Krishna. Turbado en otro tiempo hasta su fondo por el poderoso Govinda, cuando bajo la forma de un jabalí estuvo buscando al tierra bajo sus ondas agitadas; ese mar, cuyo fondo no pudo encontrar durante cien años el Brahmarsi Atri, y que se apoya siempre en la bóveda del cielo; ese mar, sombrío lecho de Vishnú en su esplendor infinito, origen de loto, cuando en la remota época de la renovación del mundo, saboreaba el éxtasis de su absorción en el seno del absoluto el mar que allana las montañas conmovidas por la caída del rayo el mar, asilo de los Asuras vencidos por los dioses, ese mar que ofrece a Agni la ofrenda de su oleaje, se mostró a las dos hermanas como inconmensurable y como rey de las riberas. Y ellas contemplaron el vasto océano que parecía danzar en todas sus ondas y hacia el cual, rebosando de aguas profundas, se dirigía sin cesar una multitud de caudalosos ríos…


-Hola mar ¿qué haces?-

-Bien estoy moviendo mis manos-

-¿Tus manos?-

-Sí, mis olas-

-¡Qué bien!-

-¿Esperas a los peces?-

-No, espero a ese barco

Para poder moverlo-

-Muy bien derramare mi tristeza pero solo

Por hoy, gracias.-





The Indian music

It's based especially on the melodic system "raag" and the metric system "taal". His appearance goes back to the times of the edges of the closure, but reached it's formality for 500.ac,after undergoing various modifications on several invasions.


His best known stringed instrument is the sitar, it's used as an accompanying instrument for songs and dance.









The musical manifestation can be divide in two groups:

The religious music: for a long time the principal manifestation religious musical was its ancient song of the hymns and texts of Veda, sacred book of the Hinduism. The vedic workship music was vocal and monophonic.


The secular music: after the muslim invasion there was a cultural divide, emerging in the north a islamic-hindu music type named Carnatic. 

Carnatic song


Hindustanica Song

Indian musicians Biography
Hariprasad Chaurasia

He's a principal Hindues classical musician. Born in Allahabad in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. His father was a wrestler. His mother died when he was 6 years old. He had to learn music without his father's knowledge, for his father wanted him to become a wrestler. in spite of this he started learning music and practising at his friends house.

nowadays he serves as the artistic director of the world music department at the rotterdam music conservatory in the Netherlands.

This is a Chaurasia  music interpretation 
T

Tiruchirapalli Krishnaswamy Ramamoorthy (1922- april 17, 2013)

Known as T.K Ramamoorthy, was a popular south Indian Tamil music composer and violinist. he was born in Tiruchirapalli into a Brahmin family that was very much musically inclined. in his career continued to achieve success as he did earlier and composed music for over 1200 films from 1965 - 2013, but Ramamoorthy as a music director could not achieve as much and gradually faded away. He composed for only 19 films from 1966 - 1986.
he's died in april 17, 2012 in Chennai, India.

This is a T.K Ramamoorthy music interpretation
















Sonu Nigam

He's a teen idol who has inspired thousands of young people across the country. This talented singer was born in the district of Faridabad de Haryada the july 30th of 1973. He now focus a little more on india-pop , elderly by 38 years old. He's like the Justin timberlake of India.

This is a Sonu Nigam Music interpretation

















Indian Literature


What is Literature?

It is a fictional written full of meaning selected words-based text, fruit of a disciplined writer's imagination about human condition and a type of world different from the real one that models ourselves through reading and causes delight as well as produces emotions on the reader and whose purpose is mainly aesthetics.



Indian literature is usually considered one of the oldest in the world.

The early Indian literature (XIIth century BC), like the rest of Eastern literature, is characterized by its strong religious breath. It is the first literature of the Far East people, which, through the Aryans, was related to the Western world through emigration.

The Vedas, sacred books, written in Sanskrit, are the first model of Indian literature. They represent mythical narratives of sacred art.

The form and style of classic Sanskrit literature are usually different from the Vedic ones. Thus, while the literature of the Vedic period gave prose works as the Yajur-Veda, the Brahmana (commentaries related to the Vedas) and the Upanishads (scriptures explaining the mystical aspect of reality, the nature of God and the relationship between the soul and matter), of a high level, the classical Sanskrit used the prose only for scientific texts and grammar and philosophy, as well as short stories, novels and some plays.



The Vedas

The Vedas (Sanskrit वेदाः véda, "knowledge") are a large body of texts originating in ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, these texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. They were written by Vyasa.

The vedas are divided in four books:

The Rigveda, containing hymns to be recited by the hotar, or presiding priest;
The Yajurveda, containing formulas to be recited by the adhvaryu or officiating priest;
The Samaveda, containing formulas to be sung by the udgatar or priest that chants;
The Atharvaveda, a collection of spells and incantations, apotropaic charms and speculative hymns.


The Great epics of ancient Indian literature

Two great epic poems constitute the epics of the Indian people: the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. This literature, which genre is the Puranas, is oriented towards Hinduism. These poems were transmitted by oral and written tradition.

RAMAYANA


Written by Valmiki. It consists in seven books or “Kandas” and depicts the duties of relationships, portraying ideal characters like the ideal father, ideal servant, the ideal brother, the ideal wife and the ideal king. It tells the story of Rama (an avatar of the Hindu Supreme-God Vishnu), whose wife Sita is abducted by the king of Ravan.

Seven Kandas:

1. Bala Kanda (book of childhood)
2. Ayodhya Kanda
3. Aranya Kanda (book of the forest)
4. Kishkindha Kanda (book of the monkey kingdom)
5. Sundara Kanda (book of beauty)
6. Yuddha Kanda (book of war)
7. Uttara Kanda (Last book)



MAHABHARATA

Traditionally attributed to Vyasa. Besides its epic narrative of the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the Pandava princes, the Mahabharata contains much philosophical and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four "goals of life" or purusharthas (12.161). Among the principal works and stories that are a part of the Mahabharata are the Bhagavad Gita, the story of Damayanti, an abbreviated version of the Ramayana, and the Rishyasringa, often considered as works in their own right.


The Puranas

The Puranas are ancient Hindu texts eulogizing various deities, primarily the divine Trimurti God in Hinduism through divine stories. Puranas may also be described as a genre of important Hindu religious texts alongside some Jain and Buddhist religious texts, notably consisting of narratives of the history of the universe from creation to destruction, genealogies of kings, heroes, sages, and demigods, and descriptions of Hindu cosmology, philosophy, and geography.

Literary representatives

Ancient Literature


VALMIKI

Valmiki (Sanskrit: वाल्मीकि; Vālmīki) is celebrated as the harbinger-poet in Sanskrit literature. He is the author of the epic Rāmāyaṇa, based on the attribution in the text of the epic itself. He is revered as the Ādi Kavi, which translates to First Poet, for he invented śloka (i.e. first verse or epic metre), which set the base and defined the form to Sanskrit poetry.

Hagiography: Legend has it that Valmiki was the son of a king. With just a few months old was abandoned by his family in the forest. Thieves found, they called Vailía Koli and taught his craft. Over the years, Valmiki started a family, which kept robbing travelers. Another legend says that the god Brahma appeared before him and said that Valmiki wrote the Ramayana.



VYASA

Vyasa (Devanagari: व्यास, vyāsa) is a central and revered figure in most Hindu traditions. He is also sometimes called Veda Vyasa (वेद व्यास, veda vyāsa). He is the author of the Mahabharata, as well as a character in it. He is considered to be the scribe of both the Vedas and Puranas. Vyasa is a kala-Avatar or part-incarnation of the God Vishnu


Siglo XX



RABINDRANATH THAKUR

Rabindranath Thakur, anglicised to Tagore (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941), was a Bengali polymath who reshaped his region's literature and music. Author of Gitanjali, he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. Tagore introduced new prose and verse forms and the use of colloquial language into Bengali literature, thereby freeing it from traditional models based on classical Sanskrit. He was highly influential in introducing the best of Indian culture to the West and vice versa, and he is generally regarded as the outstanding creative artist of modern South Asia.


His novels, stories, songs, dance-dramas, and essays spoke to topics political and personal. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced), and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are his best-known works, and his verse, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricism, colloquialism, naturalism, and unnatural contemplation. 


Siglo XXI




JHUMPA LAHIRI


Jhumpa Lahiri (Bengali: ঝুম্পা লাহিড়ী; born on July 11, 1967) is an Indian American author. Lahiri's debut short story collection, Interpreter of Maladies (1999), won the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and her first novel, The Namesake (2003), was adapted into the popular film of the same name.

Lahiri is a member of the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities, appointed by U.S. President Barack Obama.

Lahiri's writing is characterized by her "plain" language and her characters, often Indian immigrants to America who must navigate between the cultural values of their homeland and their adopted home.Lahiri's fiction is autobiographical and frequently draws upon her own experiences as well as those of her parents, friends, acquaintances, and others in the Bengali communities with which she is familiar. Lahiri examines her characters' struggles, anxieties, and biases to chronicle the nuances and details of immigrant psychology and behavior.